BRINQ
Projects - BOP Protocol in Kenya

Languages

Linguistic Groups

Bantu
Concentrations in three main geographical regions - Western Kenya and Lake Victoria region (Luhya, Kisii), east of Rift Valley, (Kikuyu, Embu, Kamba) and Coastal belt (Mijikenda).

Nilotic
Represented by the Luo, Kalenjin, Maasai and related groups. The Kalenjin linguistic group is concentrated in the area north to south and west of the central highlands, while the Luos are concentrated in the Lake Victoria Basin.

Cushitic
Somali speaking group occupying eastern portions of the arid and semi-arid north eastern Kenya. Rendille and Orma speaking groups occupy the north western part.
30 distinct languages or dialects are spoken in Kenya.

Swahili
Swahili or Kiswahili has become the most extended indigenous language in Africa, with some 50 million speakers. Currently it is the official and national language in Tanzania. In Kenya and Uganda it is the national language, since official communications and administration use English. Thanks to the relationships of the East African countries with the neighboring countries, Swahili is also spoken in some regions of Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique, Congo, Rwanda, Burundi, Somalia and South Africa.

The name of this language has its origin in sâhils-awâhil, arab term that designated the East African coast and the islands, the region where this language was born. Swahili exhibits a great difference with the rest of native tongues: it is not actually an ethnic language, neither it is the patrimony of a given tribe. Although Swahili is the native tongue for the Bajun, Fundi, Ozi, Pate, Vumba, Mvita, Shela, Amu and Siyu, what we call the Swahili people is really a community resulting from mestization among the ancient Arabs and Persians, who reached the coast starting from the 6th century, and the coastal Bantus that had arrived nearly 1,000 years before from the inlands. The fusion gave rise to a culture, a people and a language, which in Kenya has seven dialects and three sub-dialects.

Dating the origins of Swahili is not an easy task. It seems clear that the language was spoken at the coast during the 13th century. Some authors propose a much more ancient origin: in his work "Journey through the Erithraean Sea", a greek trader named Diogene who visited the East African coast in the year 110 A.D. told that the arab traders who regularly sailed the coast talked to the natives in their local language, which could represent the first historical reference to Swahili.

Though it was initially transcribed in arab writing, the origin of Swahili lies on the Bantu language, as shown by its grammar and syntax. Possibly, the absence of writing among the natives made that the first written texts in Swahili adopted the arab alphabet, which reached the coast first. Afterwards, the language was enriched with some arab terms, possibly when the Swahili population started reading the Koran.

Shortly after, the Swahili succeeded as the common language for the coastal trade. Along the centuries, Swahili has adopted terms from other languages, such as Persian, Hindi, Portuguese, English and German. The portuguese influence during the domination of the coast by this European country shows up today in other features of Swahili culture, as in a bullfighting variant that is still practised in the island of Pemba.

At the same time that it was soaked with external influences, Swahili extended around the Indian Ocean to the Comore Islands, Madagascar, South Africa, Oman and the United Arab Emirates. During the 19th century, when the inlands were uncovered to Europeans, the language expanded to the lands in which now are Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Congo, Central African Republic and Mozambique.

Also in the 19th century, the European missionaries learnt Swahili in order to communicate with the natives. Johann Ludwig Krapf, the missionary who was the first European to describe Mount Kenya, authored the first translation of the Bible to Swahili, and also wrote the first Swahili dictionary and the first grammar. But the missionaries also contributed to spread the Swahili to the natives in the inner lands that spoke other languages. Afterwards, during the Colony days, the European rulers made an effort to standardize Swahili. The result of this attempt was the Kiswahili, or standard Swahili, taken from the Kiunguja dialect which was native to the town of Zanzibar (Unguja), which was the nucleus of the Swahili culture and cradle of the dialect considered the purest. The Kiswahili is today national language in Kenya and Tanzania.

The young urban people in Nairobi speak a peculiar dialect, a mixture of English, Swahili and some ethnic tongues, which is known as Sheng. Born in the city slums, Sheng has become a fashionable sign of modernity and cosmopolitanism for the Kenyan youth. Sheng uses mainly the Swahili grammar and syntax, but includes terms from other languages that can vary depending on the different environments.

Language dissemination in Kenya
English is the official language while Kiswahili is the national language. That means that government and education are in English, while everything else tends to be in Swahili. And, in actuality, most of government is in Swahili also.

In addition to these two languages, most of the people in Kenya also speak what they would call their "mother tongue" - the language that they grew up speaking. While an increasing number of city-dwellers are growing up speaking English, most rural people still speak their tribal languages when they go home.

More languages of Kenya at Ethnologue.com